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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Grossing of Non-neoplastic Globes, Including Fetal Eyes
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Pediatric Graves' orbitopathy: a multicentre study.

Ioana C Ionescu1, Paul A S van Trotsenburg2, Dion Paridaens3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Orbital Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Acta Ophthalmologica
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) in children shares clinical features with adult GO, including proptosis and soft tissue involvement. Management may require surgical intervention, similar to adult cases, challenging the notion of distinct disease entities.

Keywords:
Graves’ diseaseGraves’ orbitopathyorbital decompressionpaediatricrehabilitative surgeryseveritythyroid eye disease

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is a rare autoimmune condition affecting the eye socket.
  • Pediatric GO is often perceived as less severe than adult-onset GO.
  • Understanding differences and similarities is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors distinguishing pediatric from adult Graves' orbitopathy.
  • To establish guidelines for assessing and managing pediatric GO.
  • To analyze the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in children with GO.

Main Methods:

  • Multicenter retrospective observational case series.
  • Inclusion of 115 pediatric patients diagnosed with GO (2003-2019).
  • Data collection included ophthalmological examinations, serological testing, and orbital imaging.

Main Results:

  • Proptosis (84.3%), eyelid retraction (67%), and diplopia (11.3%) were common clinical findings.
  • Most patients (80%) had mild disease; 18.3% had moderate-to-severe GO.
  • Orbital decompression surgery was performed in 21.7% of patients; 26.9% required rehabilitative surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric and adult GO may represent the same disease with different clinical phenotypes.
  • Pediatric GO exhibits comparable soft tissue involvement and proptosis, often necessitating surgical intervention.
  • Proptosis is a predominant feature in pediatric GO, requiring consideration for surgical management.