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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
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Scanning interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy.

Oybek Kholiqov, Wenjun Zhou, Tingwei Zhang

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    Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) images superficial forehead blood flow index (BFI). This method improves brain specificity by accurately characterizing skull and scalp tissues.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Optics
    • Neuroimaging
    • Diffuse Optics

    Background:

    • Quantitative brain assessment using diffuse optics is hindered by superficial skull and scalp tissues.
    • Understanding superficial tissue optical properties is crucial for accurate brain imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To advance interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) for imaging superficial forehead blood flow index (BFI).
    • To improve the specificity of brain imaging by characterizing confounding superficial tissues.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a null source-collector (S-C) polarization splitting approach for iNIRS.
    • Implementation of galvanometer scanning to eliminate unwanted backscattered light.
    • Analysis of time-of-flight autocorrelation decay rates to model tissue layers.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstration of order-of-magnitude heterogeneity in superficial blood flow dynamics across the forehead.
    • Evidence of increasing blood flow index (BFI) from skull to scalp to brain layers.
    • Successful characterization of superficial tissue properties using iNIRS.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed iNIRS approach effectively images superficial forehead blood flow.
    • Accurate characterization of superficial tissues enhances brain imaging specificity.
    • Heterogeneity in superficial dynamics highlights the importance of location-specific brain assessment.