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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem
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Mycotoxins in soil and environment.

Lena Marie Juraschek1, Arne Kappenberg1, Wulf Amelung1

  • 1Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.

The Science of the Total Environment
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mycotoxins, harmful fungal metabolites, are found in agricultural products. This review details their presence and fate in soil and agro-environmental matrices, highlighting quantification methods and environmental risks.

Keywords:
AdsorptionDegradationFungiLeachingMycotoxinsSoil pollution

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Agricultural Science
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites impacting human and animal health, with over 300 known types.
  • While extensively studied in food and feed, their environmental occurrence and fate in soil and agro-environmental matrices remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for mycotoxin quantification in soil.
  • To describe the occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in soil and related matrices.
  • To discuss the environmental fate and leaching potential of mycotoxins, particularly into groundwater.

Main Methods:

  • Mass spectrometry is identified as the safest and most reliable quantification method.
  • Extraction methods and solvent composition vary based on the specific mycotoxin.
  • Review of existing literature on mycotoxin occurrence, levels, and environmental behavior.

Main Results:

  • Detected mycotoxin levels in soils are in the μg/kg range, with specific maxima for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, nivalenol, and aflatoxin.
  • Mycotoxins are present in various agroecosystem compartments including cereals, corn, rice, water, manure, and sewage sludge.
  • Soil texture influences mycotoxin retention; clays adsorb them, while sandy soils show leaching potential.

Conclusions:

  • Soils and sediments are underrepresented in research concerning environmental mycotoxin contamination.
  • While not detected in sediments, mycotoxins are increasingly reported in freshwater samples.
  • Understanding mycotoxin fate in soil is crucial for assessing environmental risks and potential groundwater contamination.