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An overview on liposomal delivery and adjuvant development for leishmaniosis vaccines
Masoud Soosaraei1, Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi2, Mahdi Fakhar3
1Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Farah Abad, Sari 48471-91971, Iran
Abstract:
Leishmaniosis is caused by different species of Leishmania parasites. The available treatments for this disease have not provided strong consistent results yet. The weak response of current chemotherapeutics can be attributed to their deficient effects on stealth parasites inside macrophages, rapid clearance from the site of action, and systemic side effects in high doses. To enhance leishmaniosis vaccine efficacy, it is a valuable strategy to use liposomes as vaccine delivery systems due to combined increase in technological advances and understanding of the immune system. Liposomes that contain and deliver immunostimulators and antigens are now being developed to target diseases that require stimulation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Hence, using particulate adjuvants, like liposomes for effective delivery to the antigen presenting cells (APCs) is important for improving leishmaniosis vaccine efficacy. This study aimed at reviewing liposomal adjuvants in vaccine development with specific accentuation on their adjuvant mechanism and surface charge. It also examined how specific physicochemical qualities of liposomes and the particle size during formulation design can affect the immune response.
Insights
Liposomes enhance leishmaniosis vaccines by improving antigen delivery to immune cells. This review explores liposomal adjuvants, focusing on their mechanisms and how formulation impacts immune response for better vaccine efficacy.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Vaccinology
- Parasitology
Background:
- Leishmaniasis treatment faces challenges due to parasite resistance and drug limitations.
- Current therapies exhibit poor efficacy against intracellular parasites and cause systemic side effects.
- Liposomes offer a promising strategy for enhancing vaccine delivery and immune stimulation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of liposomal adjuvants in leishmaniasis vaccine development.
- To analyze the adjuvant mechanisms and surface charge effects of liposomes.
- To investigate the impact of liposome physicochemical properties and particle size on immune response.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on liposomal adjuvants for leishmaniasis vaccines.
- Analysis of adjuvant mechanisms, including antigen presentation and immune cell targeting.
- Examination of physicochemical factors (e.g., surface charge, particle size) influencing liposome-based vaccines.
Main Results:
- Liposomes effectively deliver antigens and immunostimulators to antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- Surface charge and physicochemical properties significantly influence liposome-mediated immune responses.
- Optimized liposome formulation can enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
Conclusions:
- Liposomal adjuvants are valuable for improving leishmaniasis vaccine efficacy.
- Understanding liposome formulation is crucial for designing effective vaccines.
- Targeted delivery and immune modulation by liposomes hold significant therapeutic potential.
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