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Related Concept Videos

Halogens03:01

Halogens

20.9K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
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Effects of Chemicals: Overview01:27

Effects of Chemicals: Overview

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Drugs, encompassing various chemical compounds from natural sources, lab synthesis, or genetic engineering, elicit different biological responses in living organisms. Some of these responses are desirable or therapeutic, while others are undesirable. The primary goal of administering a drug is to achieve a therapeutic effect, that is, to address a specific disease or health condition. Any concurrent effects outside of this therapeutic outcome are considered undesirable. These undesirable...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers01:00

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

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Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow
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Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure science: current knowledge, information needs, future directions.

B Cheng1, K Alapaty2, V Zartarian3

  • 1Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Research Participant at U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology : IJEST
|December 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread, with human exposure varying by location and source. Key exposure pathways include food, water, and house dust, highlighting data gaps for emerging compounds.

Keywords:
Future directionsHuman exposureMultimedia presence

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are globally detected, raising concerns for ecological and human health.
  • Human exposure levels and contributing sources are population-specific, influenced by local environmental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on PFAS sources, concentrations, and human exposures.
  • To identify critical data gaps and research needs concerning PFAS exposure.
  • To outline strategies and collaborative efforts by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to address PFAS.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was performed on PFAS compounds, focusing on perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
  • Data were collected from various matrices including blood, water, soil, house dust, air, consumer products, food, and fish.
  • PFAS exposure modeling techniques were also incorporated into the review.

Main Results:

  • Significant variability was observed in measured environmental concentrations and human exposure levels of PFAS.
  • Primary exposure pathways identified include ingestion of food, consumption of contaminated drinking water, and contact with house dust, particularly for children.
  • Current data predominantly covers long-chain PFAS, with less information available on newer or replacement compounds.

Conclusions:

  • Critical data gaps in PFAS research need to be addressed, especially for emerging and replacement chemicals.
  • A large-scale research initiative involving the U.S. EPA and other federal agencies is underway to improve understanding of PFAS exposures.
  • Further research is essential to mitigate risks associated with widespread PFAS contamination.