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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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Antiviral immunity triggered by infection-induced host transposable elements.

Benjamin G Hale1

  • 1Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in Virology
|December 27, 2021
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Summary

Viruses can reactivate transposable elements (TEs) to trigger antiviral defenses. This involves epigenetic changes to TRIM28, leading to TE de-repression and activation of innate immune sensors for pathogen defense.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Host silencing of transposable elements (TEs) is crucial for genome stability and preventing inflammation.
  • Emerging evidence indicates viruses may reactivate TEs for antiviral defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how virus infections induce transposable elements (TEs).
  • To understand the mechanisms by which de-repressed TEs contribute to antiviral immunity.

Main Methods:

  • RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and advanced bioinformatics analyses.
  • Investigating epigenetic modifications, specifically SUMOylation of TRIM28, in influenza virus infection models.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse virus infections that induce TEs.
  • Demonstrated that influenza virus infection alters TRIM28 SUMOylation, leading to TE de-repression.
  • Showcased de-repressed TEs stimulating antiviral gene expression via enhancer functions or recognition by innate immune sensors (RIG-I, mda-5, cGAS).

Conclusions:

  • Viruses can hijack host transposable elements (TEs) to mount an antiviral response.
  • Understanding virus-TE interactions offers insights into host-pathogen dynamics and innate immunity.