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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
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Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding01:25

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Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
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Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Introduction To Health Care Delivery System01:18

Introduction To Health Care Delivery System

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The healthcare system is constantly changing and complex. Various services are available from different healthcare providers, but gaining access to these services has become challenging for people with limited healthcare insurance. Uninsured people present a challenge to healthcare because they frequently postpone or forego treatment.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) advocates for a patient-centered, effective, safe, timely, equitable, and effective healthcare system. The National Priorities...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Correction: Fukushima et al. Long-Term Immunogenicity of Rabies Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Japanese Adult Travelers: Comparison of Dosing Regimens. <i>Vaccines</i> 2025, <i>13</i>, 1169.

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Access to Vaccines Among Asylum Seekers, Refugees, and Undocumented Migrants Across the Migratory Cycle in the European Union, European Economic Area, Switzerland and the United Kingdom: A Scoping Review.

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Advances in Detection Methods for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Neutralizing Antibodies.

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Insights from 25 Years of Measles and Measles-Rubella Vaccination Campaigns in the WHO African Region (2001-2025).

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Post-Marketing Safety Surveillance of Influenza Vaccines in Anhui Province, China, 2016-2025.

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Characteristics of Hypotonic-Hyporesponsive Episodes (HHEs) Following Childhood Vaccination: A 13-Year Analysis of Spontaneous Reports to the Dutch Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
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Towards Ending Immunization Inequity.

Anna Victoria Sangster1, Jane M Barratt1

  • 1International Federation on Ageing, Toronto, ON M4K 2N1, Canada.

Vaccines
|December 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Social determinants significantly impact vaccine knowledge and access, particularly for at-risk communities. Improving public health messaging is key to ending immunization inequity and increasing vaccination rates.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Communication
  • Social Epidemiology

Background:

  • Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) cause significant mortality globally.
  • Adult influenza vaccination rates are below targets and declining in some regions.
  • Understanding factors influencing vaccine uptake is crucial for at-risk populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors affecting vaccine message accessibility and effectiveness.
  • To explore the role of social determinants in immunization inequity.
  • To identify policy levers for improving vaccination uptake.

Main Methods:

  • A 3-phase mixed-methods study was employed.
  • Included a review of vaccine schedules and NITAG recommendations.
  • Utilized focus groups and a cross-sectional survey.
Keywords:
adult vaccinationequityimmunizationsocial determinants of health

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Main Results:

  • Social determinants critically influence knowledge of vaccines, availability, recommendations, and safety.
  • Identified a gap between understanding social determinants' impact and actionable government interventions.
  • Current public health messaging fails to reach certain populations.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing social determinants is essential for equitable vaccination.
  • Public health messaging requires strategic changes to reach unreachable groups.
  • Targeted communication strategies can reduce immunization inequity.