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Area of Science:

  • Geomatics Engineering
  • Satellite Navigation Systems
  • Mobile Device Technology

Background:

  • Advancements in smartphone Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) chipsets (e.g., Broadcom BCM47755, Qualcomm Snapdragon 855) facilitate precise positioning.
  • Dual-frequency GNSS observations (GPS L1+L5, Galileo E1+E5a, QZSS L1+L5, BDS B1) are now accessible via consumer smartphones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the instantaneous single-baseline real-time kinematic (RTK) performance of Samsung Galaxy S20 and Google Pixel 4 (GP4) smartphones.
  • To investigate the impact of smartphone orientation (upright vs. lying down) on RTK positioning accuracy and reliability.
  • To assess the influence of different GNSS constellations and dual-frequency observations on positioning outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted single-baseline RTK experiments in Dunedin, New Zealand, using Samsung Galaxy S20 and Google Pixel 4 smartphones.
  • Utilized dual-frequency code and phase observations from GPS, Galileo, QZSS, and BDS.
  • Compared positioning performance with smartphones in upright and lying down configurations to analyze orientation effects.

Main Results:

  • Smartphone orientation demonstrably affects positioning performance, even in zero-baseline setups.
  • Specific smartphone models exhibited orientation-dependent carrier-phase residual trends, indicating variations in antenna characteristics and interference sensitivity.
  • Achieved near 100% (98.7%–99.9%) instantaneous RTK success rates and centimeter-level precision with one smartphone model.

Conclusions:

  • Smartphone GNSS performance is sensitive to device orientation due to antenna gain patterns and interference susceptibility.
  • The integration of advanced chipsets and multi-constellation, dual-frequency observations in smartphones opens new possibilities for high-precision mobile positioning.
  • Future research should consider smartphone orientation as a critical factor in GNSS application development and deployment.