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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Assessing the Compressive and Impact Behavior of Plastic Safety Toe Caps through Computational Modelling.

Pedro Veiga Rodrigues1, Bruno Ramoa1, Ana Vera Machado1

  • 1Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal.

Polymers
|December 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study simulates polymeric toe caps for safety footwear using OpenFOAM, achieving accurate results for compression and impact tests. These findings support the development of lighter, more aesthetically pleasing safety shoes.

Keywords:
FVMOpenFOAMsafety footwearstructural analysistoe cap

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • Polymeric toe caps offer advantages over steel in safety footwear, including reduced weight and insulation.
  • Current polymeric toe caps face challenges with increased volume, impacting shoe aesthetics.
  • Optimizing polymeric toe cap design is crucial for the footwear industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate and validate the performance of polymeric toe caps under standard safety footwear tests.
  • To assess the reliability of open-source finite volume computational models for toe cap design.
  • To support research and development in the footwear industry for improved safety components.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a solid mechanics toolbox within the OpenFOAM library for simulations.
  • Modeled polymeric material behavior using a neo-Hookean hyper-elasto-plastic law with J2 plasticity.
  • Simulated standard 15 kN compression and 200 J impact tests on a commercial plastic toe cap.

Main Results:

  • Achieved close agreement between experimental and simulated displacement values for both compression (approx. 5.4% error) and impact (approx. 6.8% error) tests.
  • Validated the accuracy and reliability of the OpenFOAM-based finite volume models.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of the chosen material model for polymeric toe caps.

Conclusions:

  • Open-source finite volume computational models provide reliable results for toe cap performance simulation.
  • The validated models can significantly aid the R&D process for safety footwear toe caps.
  • This approach supports the development of optimized, lighter, and aesthetically improved safety footwear.