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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
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Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Wood Surfacing01:14

Wood Surfacing

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Wood surfacing is a critical finishing process designed to smoothen the wood surface, enhance its dimensional accuracy, and make handling safer. This process compensates for potential shrinkage during the seasoning phase by marginally increasing the wood dimensions before surfacing. It also helps correct some distortions that may occur as the wood dries.
The equipment used in the surfacing process is a plane equipped with rotating blades. This tool efficiently smoothens the wood surface and can...
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Characteristics of Dry Friction01:21

Characteristics of Dry Friction

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Dry friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide against each other without any lubrication or fluid present. It causes resistance when pushing objects along a surface, like a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow. The force applied to move the cart causes dry friction between the wheel and the ground.
Before the wheelbarrow starts moving, the static frictional force acts tangentially to the contact surface, opposing the force that is about to induce the motion. This frictional force prevents the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars
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Surfaces With Finger-Sized Concave Feel Softer.

Koki Inoue, Shogo Okamoto, Yasuhiro Akiyama

    IEEE Transactions on Haptics
    |December 28, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Objects with finger-sized concaves feel softer than flat surfaces, even with the same material. Surface shape significantly influences tactile softness perception, impacting material judgments.

    Area of Science:

    • * Haptics and human perception
    • * Material science and surface engineering

    Background:

    • * Elastic softness perception is influenced by both mechanical properties (elastic modulus, stiffness) and macroscopic surface features.
    • * Previous research has primarily focused on mechanical properties, with less attention paid to the role of surface topography.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To experimentally investigate how surface geometry (concave, flat, convex) affects the subjective judgment of elastic softness.
    • * To determine if concave surfaces are perceived as softer than flat surfaces made of identical materials.

    Main Methods:

    • * Experiment 1: Participants rated the perceived softness of rigid surfaces with flat, concave, and convex features.
    • * Experiment 2: Participants compared the subjective softness of concave and convex objects with flat objects made of rubbers with varying elastic moduli.

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    Main Results:

    • * Concave surfaces were consistently judged as softer than flat and convex surfaces of the same material.
    • * A concave object with a Young's modulus of 0.55 MPa felt as soft as a flat object with a 0.23 MPa modulus.
    • * A convex object felt as soft as a flat object with a 1.68 MPa modulus.

    Conclusions:

    • * Macroscopic surface features, particularly concavity, significantly impact the perception of elastic softness.
    • * Contact mechanics between the finger pad and the surface (e.g., force-contact area relationship) play a crucial role in softness judgments.
    • * Findings offer insights for surface design and enhance understanding of tactile perception principles.