Identification of a glucocorticoid-induced nuclease in thymocytes. A potential "lysis gene" product

Glucocorticoids initiate a cytolytic process in lymphoid cells that is characteristic of programmed cell death. In vivo treatment of adrenalectomized rats with glucocorticoids results in the rapid degradation of the thymocyte genome at internucleosomal sites. This DNA degradation occurs prior to cell death, and considerable evidence indicates that this nucleolytic event is central to the initiation of lymphocytolysis. To further characterize this process, we have searched for the gene products in thymocytes which may be responsible for steroid-induced DNA degradation. Adrenalectomized rats were treated in vivo with dexamethasone or a vehicle control; nuclear thymocyte proteins were extracted with 0.6 M NaCl and analyzed for protein content or nuclease activity on sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gels containing calf thymus DNA. Glucocorticoid treatment resulted in the induction of two major protein families, a 30-32-kDa protein doublet and a series of 3-4 proteins of 12-19 kDa, both of which express prominent DNase activity. Induction of the lower molecular weight nucleases increased with time after steroid treatment and paralleled the time course of glucocorticoid-mediated DNA degradation. Nuclease induction was blocked by the glucocorticoid antagonist RU 486, indicating a steroid receptor-mediated process. When nuclei from glucocorticoid-resistant cells were incubated with nuclear extracts from glucocorticoid-treated rats, the DNA was cleaved at internucleosomal sites, whereas extracts from vehicle-treated animals were virtually inactive. Based on these findings we propose that glucocorticoids, acting via a receptor-mediated pathway, induce a nucleolytic "lysis gene" product(s) responsible for lymphocytolysis.