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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN SEED PLANTS.

Peter R Crane1

  • 1Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago IL 60605.

Cladistics : the International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society
|December 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants reveals Lyginopteris as an early diverging lineage. A monophyletic group of "platysperms," characterized by flattened seeds and saccate pollen, is identified, challenging traditional seed fern classifications.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleobotany
  • Phylogenetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Understanding the evolutionary history and relationships of seed plants is crucial for reconstructing plant life on Earth.
  • Previous classifications have often grouped diverse fossil taxa as "seed ferns," potentially obscuring true phylogenetic connections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phylogenetic relationships among nineteen extant and fossil seed plant taxa.
  • To evaluate the monophyly of proposed seed plant clades and compare findings with existing classifications.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of 31 morphological characters.
  • Construction of cladograms and a strict consensus tree to infer evolutionary relationships.
  • Comparison of the resulting phylogeny with current seed plant classification systems.

Main Results:

  • Ten equally parsimonious cladograms were generated, with a strict consensus tree placing Lyginopteris as the sister taxon to other seed plants.
  • A monophyletic group, termed "platysperms," characterized by flattened seeds and saccate pollen, was identified, excluding medullosans and cycads.
  • Relationships within "platysperms" revealed monophyletic "coniferophytes" (conifers, cordaites, Ginkgo) and "anthophytes" (Bennettitales, Pentoxylon, Gnetales, angiosperms).

Conclusions:

  • The study provides no evidence for seed plant polyphyly and suggests the "seed fern" concept lacks phylogenetic value.
  • The close relationship between Bennettitales and cycads, as suggested by some classifications, is not supported by this analysis.
  • The findings support the monophyly of "platysperms," "coniferophytes," and "anthophytes," refining our understanding of seed plant evolution.