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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Cognitive dysfunction and mortality in multiple sclerosis: Long-term retrospective review.

Sara Cavaco1, Inês Ferreira1, Inês Moreira1

  • 1Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal/Neuropsychology Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|December 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) predicts disease progression and mortality. Early assessment of cognitive impairment is crucial for understanding long-term outcomes in MS patients.

Keywords:
Multiple sclerosiscognitive dysfunctionmortalityneuropsychologyprognosissurvival

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Neurology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • The role of cognitive dysfunction in predicting multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical progression and mortality remains debated.
  • Understanding long-term outcomes in MS patients is critical for disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term prognostic value of neuropsychological performance in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients.
  • To determine if cognitive dysfunction predicts disease course and mortality in MS.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective study analyzed 408 MS patients with initial neuropsychological and neurological evaluations (T1).
  • Clinical records were reviewed 102-192 months post-T1, collecting data on disease progression (EDSS) and survival (TS).

Main Results:

  • Cognitive dysfunction at T1 was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of transitioning to a progressive MS course (OR=2.29, p=0.043).
  • Cognitive impairment predicted a higher hazard of death in the overall MS sample (HR=3.07, p=0.006) and in the progressive disease subgroup (HR=3.68, p=0.007), even after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis is a significant predictor of poorer long-term prognosis.
  • Neuropsychological assessment can identify MS patients at higher risk for disease progression and mortality.