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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

2.3K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
2.3K
Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

6.1K
Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
6.1K
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

14.0K
Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
14.0K
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

214
In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
214
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

1.3K
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
1.3K
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

7.6K
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
7.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors
08:49

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Published on: December 21, 2019

9.6K

Global maps of soil temperature.

Jonas J Lembrechts1, Johan van den Hoogen2, Juha Aalto3,4

  • 1Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.

Global Change Biology
|December 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global soil temperature maps reveal significant differences from air temperature, crucial for understanding climate change impacts on ecosystems. These new soil-derived bioclimatic variables improve ecological research accuracy, especially in cold regions.

Keywords:
bioclimatic variablesglobal mapsmicroclimatenear-surface temperaturessoil temperaturesoil-dwelling organismstemperature offsetweather stations

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A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes
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Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment
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A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes
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Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment
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Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Global change ecology research often uses air temperature grids, which do not represent soil conditions where most terrestrial species live and ecosystem functions occur.
  • Existing climatic grids fail to capture microclimate variations critical for biodiversity and ecosystem processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at 1-km² resolution for 0-5 cm and 5-15 cm soil depths.
  • To highlight the discrepancies between soil and air temperatures across different biomes and seasons.
  • To emphasize the importance of using soil temperature data for accurate ecological and climate change impact assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Calculated the difference (offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements and ERA5-Land air temperature estimates.
  • Utilized time-series data from over 1200 1-km² pixels (8519 sensors) across major terrestrial biomes.
  • Developed global maps at 1-km² resolution for two soil depth intervals.

Main Results:

  • Mean annual soil temperature significantly differs from air temperature, with offsets up to 10°C (mean 3.0°C ± 2.1°C).
  • Soils in cold/dry biomes are warmer than air temperature (+3.6°C ± 2.3°C), while soils in warm/humid environments are cooler (-0.7°C ± 2.3°C).
  • Substantial biome-specific variations in soil-air temperature offsets were observed across seasons.

Conclusions:

  • Using air temperature instead of soil temperature leads to inaccurate assessments of climate change impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly in cold regions.
  • The new global soil-derived bioclimatic variables are vital for ecological applications.
  • Further in situ microclimate data collection is needed to enhance global soil temperature products' spatiotemporal resolution.