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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
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Polycomb Assemblies Multitask to Regulate Transcription.

Miguel Vidal1

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Epigenomes
|December 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Polycomb system, known for gene repression, also promotes gene expression in mammals. New research reveals its complex roles in chromatin organization and cell homeostasis, requiring integrated study.

Keywords:
DNA bindingPRC1PRC2Polycombchromatin modifierchromatin topologyhistone E3 ligasehistone lysine methyltransferasenuclear condensatestranscriptional repression

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The Polycomb system is an ancient protein group conserved in plants and animals.
  • Initially recognized for stable gene repression and cell identity maintenance in *Drosophila melanogaster*.
  • Polycomb proteins act as chromatin modifiers involved in developmental transitions and cell homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in the roles of the Polycomb system in transcriptional control, focusing on mammalian models.
  • To highlight new findings regarding Polycomb component regulation, target recruitment, and chromatin organization activities.
  • To discuss the need for an integrated approach to understand the Polycomb system's complexity and context-dependent functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and research findings.
  • Focus on studies utilizing mammalian models.
  • Analysis of Polycomb system's involvement in transcriptional regulation, chromatin modification, and cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • Recent work shows Polycomb components associate with transcriptionally active loci, promoting gene expression.
  • New findings include regulation of catalytic properties, target recruitment, and roles in chromatin organization and compartmentalization.
  • The Polycomb system exhibits context-dependent adaptation and fundamental complexity.

Conclusions:

  • The Polycomb system's functions extend beyond gene repression to include gene activation.
  • Understanding Polycomb requires considering its dynamic regulation, recruitment mechanisms, and influence on chromatin architecture.
  • An integrated research approach is crucial for fully elucidating the Polycomb system's multifaceted roles in cellular function and development.