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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Immunotherapy for Neuro-oncology.

Nazanin K Majd1, Pushan R Dasgupta2, John F de Groot3

  • 1Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|January 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Immunotherapy shows promise for brain tumors, including brain metastases (BMs) and glioblastoma (GBM). Despite challenges in the central nervous system (CNS), recent advances highlight immunotherapy

Keywords:
Brain metastasesCell therapyCell vaccinesCheckpoint inhibitorsGBM immune microenvironmentGlioblastomaImmunosuppressive macrophagesImmunotherapy combinationsOncolytic viral therapiesPeptide vaccinesTumor mutational loadTumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Cancer Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but challenges exist for intracranial tumors.
  • Central nervous system (CNS) tumors present unique obstacles, including immune suppression and tumor heterogeneity.
  • Successful immunotherapy for brain metastases (BMs) demonstrates the CNS's immune capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in immunotherapy for neuro-oncology.
  • To focus on immunotherapy for brain metastases (BMs), glioblastoma (GBM), and rare CNS cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology.
  • Analysis of challenges and successes in treating CNS tumors with immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy is effective for BMs from melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • Glioblastoma (GBM) presents significant challenges due to profound immunosuppression and heterogeneity.
  • The CNS is not immune-privileged, capable of immune responses against tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy holds potential for CNS cancers, despite specific challenges.
  • Further research is needed to overcome GBM's unique immunosuppressive microenvironment.
  • Advances in immunotherapy offer new hope for patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors.