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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

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CAR T Cells.

Ranjit Nair1, Jason Westin2

  • 1Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. RNair@mdanderson.org.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|January 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to fight cancer, building on early observations and advancements in chemotherapy. Modern approaches like immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy show promise in treating various cancers.

Keywords:
Adoptive cell therapyAxicabtagene ciloleucelBrexucabtagene autoleucelCAR-T cell related encephalopathy syndromeCellular therapyChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cellCytokine release syndrome (CRS)ImmunotherapyLisocabtagene maraleucelNeurotoxicityNon-Hodgkin lymphomaTisagenlecleucelToxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Early 20th-century observations suggested the immune system could combat tumors.
  • Chemotherapy, developed from mustard gas research, dominated cancer treatment for decades.
  • Recent advances in understanding tumor immunology have revitalized immunotherapy research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development and current state of cancer immunotherapy.
  • To highlight key immunotherapy strategies and their clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of immunotherapy and chemotherapy milestones.
  • Discussion of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy mechanisms.
  • Analysis of clinical successes in solid and hematological malignancies.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy has evolved significantly, with chemotherapy initially overshadowing its potential.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective primarily in solid tumors.
  • Adoptive cell therapy shows promise predominantly in hematological malignancies.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer immunotherapy has progressed substantially, offering new treatment avenues.
  • Targeted immunotherapies like checkpoint inhibitors and cell therapies represent significant advancements in oncology.
  • Further research continues to refine these powerful treatment modalities.