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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Immunotherapy-Mediated Luminal Gastrointestinal Toxicities

Anusha S Thomas1, Yinghong Wang2

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|January 1, 2022
PubMed

The advent of immune checkpoint blockade and its application in the management of advanced malignancies has revolutionized cancer therapies, outcomes, and survival. As beneficial as these class of drugs have been proven to be, their use is not devoid of complications, viz., immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the second most frequently affected organ system, and toxicities may vary in severity from mild disease to aggressive life-threatening clinical presentations. Timely diagnosis that incorporates clinical, biochemical, imaging, endoscopic, and histologic evaluation is imperative for efficacious management of this disease process to ensure good outcomes. Management varies depending on severity and can comprise supportive care in milder disease patterns as well as vigorous immunosuppression in aggressive cases.

Keywords:
ColitisDiarrheaEnterocolitisGastrointestinal adverse eventsImmune checkpoint inhibitorsImmunotherapy

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