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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Cancer Therapies

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

Published on: April 13, 2015

Cancer Imaging in Immunotherapy.

Murat Ak^1,2, Yousra Eleneen^1,2, Mira Ayoub^1,2

¹Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|January 1, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Immune therapies present unique imaging challenges in cancer treatment. New criteria like immune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (irRECIST) are needed as traditional RECIST may not fully capture treatment response.

Keywords:

Imaging Immunotherapy Responses criteria

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Last Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

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Published on: April 13, 2015

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Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging CLI for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging CLI for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

Published on: November 13, 2012

Area of Science:

Oncology
Radiology
Immunotherapy

Background:

Cancer immunotherapy revolutionizes treatment, leading to novel imaging patterns.
These patterns differ significantly from those seen with conventional cytotoxic therapies.
Traditional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) may inadequately assess immunotherapy efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review traditional and novel imaging response criteria for solid tumors.
To discuss the challenges in evaluating immunotherapy response using current standards.
To highlight emerging criteria designed for immune-related treatment effects.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on cancer imaging response criteria.
Comparison of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) with immune-related criteria (irRECIST, iRECIST, irRC).
Discussion of imaging characteristics associated with immunotherapy.

Main Results:

Immunotherapy responses can manifest as delayed shrinkage, transient enlargement, or new lesions, unlike typical cytotoxic effects.
Current RECIST criteria may misinterpret these novel patterns, potentially underestimating treatment benefit.
Newer criteria like irRECIST aim to better characterize these immune-related response patterns.

Conclusions:

There is a critical need for updated imaging criteria to accurately evaluate cancer immunotherapy.
Immune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (irRECIST) and similar metrics offer a more comprehensive assessment.
Alignment between novel criteria and regulatory approval processes (e.g., FDA) is essential for advancing immunotherapy evaluation.