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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Autophagy01:27

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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Induction and Detection of Mitophagy.

Maria A Yapryntseva1, Boris Zhivotovsky1,2, Vladimir Gogvadze3,4

  • 1Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Mitophagy removes damaged mitochondria for cellular health. This study details methods to investigate this vital mitochondrial quality control process, crucial for preventing disease.

Keywords:
AutophagyConfocal microscopyFlow cytometryMitochondriaMitophagyRespiration

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autophagy Research

Background:

  • Mitophagy is a key mitochondrial quality control mechanism.
  • It involves selective elimination of damaged mitochondria via autophagy.
  • Impairment of mitophagy is linked to various pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for investigating mitophagy.
  • To provide tools for studying mitochondrial quality control.

Main Methods:

  • General autophagy induction.
  • Priming of damaged mitochondria for autophagic recognition.
  • Investigative techniques for mitophagy.

Main Results:

  • Established methodologies for mitophagy investigation.
  • Detailed protocols for studying mitochondrial clearance.

Conclusions:

  • Investigating mitophagy is essential for understanding cellular health.
  • These methods aid in studying pathologies linked to mitophagy defects.