Effect of micro- and nanoparticle shape on biological processes.

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Particle shape is a critical factor influencing the biological fate of micro- and nanoparticles (M&NPs).
• Nonspherical M&NPs offer unique advantages in drug delivery applications.
• Technological advancements enable the design of complex M&NP shapes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the impact of M&NP shape on biological interactions and drug delivery.
• To discuss theoretical models for shape-dependent cellular internalization.
• To analyze shape-driven behaviors of M&NPs in systemic circulation.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent technological advances in M&NP design.
• Analysis of theoretical approaches for cell-particle interactions.
• Examination of experimental data on M&NP behavior in biological systems.

Main Results:

• Particle shape influences cell capture, subcellular distribution, intracellular delivery, and cytotoxicity.
• Theoretical models explain shape-dependent membrane internalization.
• M&NP shape affects protein interactions, biodistribution, and circulation dynamics.

Conclusions:

• Nonspherical M&NPs present significant opportunities for enhanced drug delivery.
• Further research is needed to overcome challenges in designing and applying nonspherical M&NPs.
• Shape optimization is key for tailoring M&NP performance in vivo.