Virus and endogenous viral element-derived small non-coding RNAs and their roles in insect-virus interaction

RNA interference pathways mediated by different types of small non-coding RNAs (siRNAs, miRNAs and piRNAs) are conserved biological responses to exotic stresses, including viral infection. Aside from the well-established siRNA pathway, the miRNA pathway and the piRNA pathway process viral sequences, exogenously or endogenously, into miRNAs and piRNAs, respectively. During the host-virus interaction, viral sequences, including both coding and non-coding sequences, can be integrated as endogenous viral elements (EVEs) and thereby become present within the germline of a non-viral organism. In recent years, significant progress has been made in characterizing the biogenesis and function of viruses and EVEs associated with snRNAs. Overall, the siRNA pathway acts as the primarily antiviral defense against a wide range of exogenous viruses; the miRNA pathways associated with viruses or EVEs function in antiviral response and host gene regulation; EVE derived piRNAs with a ping-pong signature have the potential to limit cognate viral infection.