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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge
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Immunotherapy for Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Jiawei Yang1, Xueyan Liu1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a CNS disorder often resistant to standard treatments. This review explores third-line therapies for refractory AE, offering new hope for patients with difficult-to-treat autoimmune encephalitis.

Keywords:
autoimmune encephalitisneuroimmunologyrefractoryrituximabthird-line therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Central Nervous System Disorders

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated central nervous system disease.
  • It is often triggered by antigen-antibody reactions and is a growing focus in neuroimmunology.
  • Current first-line (steroids, IVIG, PLEX) and second-line (rituximab) treatments are insufficient for many patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review third-line therapy options for refractory autoimmune encephalitis.
  • To highlight the critical need for advanced treatment strategies in AE.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of third-line therapies for refractory autoimmune encephalitis.
  • Analysis of existing clinical trial evidence and case reports.

Main Results:

  • Third-line therapy presents a viable alternative for patients with refractory AE.
  • Evidence for some third-line treatments is limited, based on single reports, and lacks clear consensus.

Conclusions:

  • Further research and clinical trials are essential to establish effective third-line treatment protocols for autoimmune encephalitis.
  • Developing novel therapeutic approaches is critical for improving outcomes in refractory AE patients.