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An Exploratory Study on the Relationship between Brachial Arterial Blood Flow and Cardiac Output
Sixiang Jia1, Yiteng Wu1, Wei Wang1
1Department of Heart Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, N1 Shangcheng Road, Yiwu 322000, China.
Insights
The ratio of brachial artery blood flow to cardiac output is a consistent 1.23%, offering a basis for AI-driven cardiac function prediction. This study also indicates hypertension alters vascular structure and increases cardiac output.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Physiology
- Medical Ultrasound
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Background:
- Prospective clinical outcomes for cardiovascular diseases have been assessed using brachial artery measurements like Korotkoff sounds and ultrasound-assessed vasomotor function.
- Quantitative relationships between brachial artery blood flow and cardiac output remain underexplored.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine if a quantitative relationship exists between brachial artery blood flow and cardiac output.
- To establish a theoretical foundation for utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) with Korotkoff sound analogs to predict cardiac output.
Main Methods:
- 586 patients undergoing cardiac color ultrasound were analyzed.
- Brachial artery vascular parameters (Diameter, Area, Blood Velocity, Flow) were measured post-ultrasound.
- Basic clinical data (Age, Sex, BMI, Disease) were collected; Mann-Whitney and independent sample T-tests were applied.
Main Results:
- The mean ratio of brachial artery blood flow to cardiac output was 1.23% (95% CI: 1.18%-1.29%), showing concentration within this range.
- No significant differences in this ratio were observed among patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, or cardiac dysfunction.
- Brachial artery diameter was significantly larger in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension.
- Cardiac output was notably augmented in hypertensive patients.
Conclusions:
- The brachial artery blood flow to cardiac output ratio is approximately a constant 1.23%, providing a basis for AI-based cardiac function prediction.
- This finding supports the potential application of AI using Korotkoff sound analogs for efficient cardiac output estimation.
- The study indirectly suggests hypertension contributes to peripheral vascular hyperplasia and increased cardiac output.
Background:
We have obtained prospective clinical outcomes using the brachial artery largely, such as Korotkoff sound and vasomotor function measurement by ultrasound guidance to predict the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Very few reports on the quantitative measurement of the relationship between the brachial artery blood flow and cardiac output have been reported.
Purpose:
(1) To investigate whether the quantitative relationship between the brachial artery blood flow and cardiac output existed. (2) To provide a theoretical basis for taking advantage of artificial intelligence (AI) using Korotkoff sound analogously as far as possible to predict the cardiac output.
Methods:
A total of 586 patients who underwent cardiac color ultrasound in our center from 2021.3 to 2021.7 were included for analyses. The vascular parameters of the right upper limb brachial artery (such as the Diameter, Area, Blood Velocity, and Flow) were measured immediately after the cardiac color ultrasound, and some basic clinical parameters (Age, Sex, BMI, and Disease) were recorded subsequently. Ultimately, the Mann-Whitney and independent sample T-test were used to analyze the data.
Results:
(1) The mean Rate of the brachial arterial blood flow to cardiac output was 1.23%, and the mean 95% CI was (1.18%, 1.29%), indicating that the value was mainly concentrated in the current value interval. The indicator demonstrates that there is no significant difference currently among the patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cardiac dysfunction. (2) The brachial artery wall diameter (Dist) is significantly thicker in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension compared to patients with other cardiovascular diseases. (3) Cardiac output augments remarkably in patients with hypertension.
Conclusion:
Our study suggests that the Rate (brachial artery blood flow/cardiac output) is a constant of 1.23% approximately. It provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent application of the artificial intelligence (AI) method to predict heart function using Korotkoff sound, cope with large computational amounts, and improve computational speed. It is also indirectly proved that hypertension can lead to a change in peripheral vascular hyperplasia and increase cardiac output.
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