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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
1.2K
Teeth01:15

Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment
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Orthodontically Induced External Apical Root Resorption in Class II Malocclusion.

Praveen Kumar Reddy Karnati1, Priyank Seth1, Ahmad Termizi Bin Zamzuri1

  • 1Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia.

Case Reports in Dentistry
|January 3, 2022
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Summary

Orthodontic-induced external apical root resorption is an irreversible condition caused by orthodontic forces. This case report highlights its occurrence and the need for treatment modification due to patient factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Orthodontics
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Orthodontic-induced external apical root resorption (OIRR) is a common, irreversible complication of orthodontic treatment.
  • The exact etiology remains multifactorial and not fully understood, often classified as iatrogenic.
  • While genetic and salivary markers show promise, their clinical application is limited.

Observation:

  • This case report details an instance of OIRR following initial orthodontic mechanics (Stage 1 and 2).
  • Radiographic assessments, such as orthopantomograms, are crucial for diagnosing OIRR.
  • Individual patient biotype and tooth morphology significantly influence the risk and progression of OIRR.

Findings:

  • The patient experienced significant OIRR, necessitating treatment termination.
  • Treatment modification was based on the individual's biological response and tooth morphology.
  • Prognosis for future orthodontic interventions is considered poor and unpredictable.

Implications:

  • Early identification and management of OIRR are critical for successful orthodontic outcomes.
  • Personalized treatment planning considering patient-specific factors is essential to mitigate OIRR risk.
  • Further research into predictive markers and preventive strategies for OIRR is warranted.