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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity: The Opinion of a Gastroenterologist

Anca Macovei Oprescu1,2, Raluca Tulin3,4, Iulian Slavu5

  • 1Gastroenterology, Agrippa Ionescu Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, ROU.

Cureus
|January 3, 2022
PubMed

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently an important component of the standard first-line treatment for many neoplasms. Some guidelines recommend ICIs as adjuvant treatment. With their increased use, the incidence of associated immune-mediated adverse reactions will also increase. A significant proportion of these reactions is represented by immune-mediated diarrhea or colitis, hepatitis, and immune-mediated pancreatic damage. The present review aims to highlight the new trends related to the diagnosis and treatment of these adverse effects depending on their degree, from the perspective of the gastroenterologist. To accomplish this, a literature search was performed, and 30 publications were considered relevant (according to the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study [PICOS] criteria). The information about each of the three toxicities in this paper was structured in two categories such as differential diagnosis and treatment. This review aims not only to increase awareness of these side effects in the gastroenterology community but also to promote the development of new treatment guidelines with contributions from gastroenterologists.

Keywords:
colitisgastrointestinalhepatitisimmune-checkpoint inhibitorspancreatitistoxicity

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