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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Using a Murine Model of Psychosocial Stress in Pregnancy as a Translationally Relevant Paradigm for Psychiatric Disorders in Mothers and Infants
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Risk factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms: A multinational study.

Helen Bradshaw1, Julia N Riddle1, Rodion Salimgaraev2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Women's Mood Disorders Center, 550 North Broadway, Suite 305, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|January 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) were analyzed in over a million women globally. PDS decreased with maternal age, with first-time mothers and those with twin births experiencing higher rates.

Keywords:
Gestational numberInfant sexMaternal ageParityPostpartum depression

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Maternal Mental Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) represent a significant public health concern affecting maternal well-being.
  • Identifying demographic and obstetric risk factors is crucial for early detection and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between maternal age, parity, gestational number (singleton vs. twin), and newborn gender with self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS).
  • To analyze these associations in a large, multinational sample using data from a digital health application.

Main Methods:

  • Survey data collected via the Flo app from January 2018 to April 2020 from women in 138 countries.
  • A survey question on emotional state was used to identify PDS. Chi-squared statistics and weighted prevalence calculations were employed.

Main Results:

  • Over one million women participated; weighted mean prevalence of PDS was 11%.
  • PDS prevalence decreased with increasing maternal age and was higher in first-time mothers.
  • Twin births were associated with a higher symptom burden compared to singleton births, particularly in older mothers.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides novel insights into PDS risk factors across a diverse international population.
  • Findings can inform targeted research and clinical strategies for more effective identification and treatment of maternal depression.