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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
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Self-Esteem Moderates the Relationship Between Secure Attachment and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in

Taylor J Irvine1, Christopher D Aults2, Meenakshi Menon3

  • 1Department of Counselor Education, 1782Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Psychological Reports
|January 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Secure attachment and high self-esteem in preadolescents can reduce internalizing and externalizing problems. This interaction supports positive youth development and mental health interventions.

Keywords:
Secure attachmentexternalizing problemsinternalizing problemspreadolescenceself-esteem

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Background:

  • Internalizing and externalizing problems are significant concerns in preadolescence.
  • Attachment security and self-esteem are crucial psychosocial factors influencing child development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the combined influence of secure attachment and self-esteem on changes in internalizing and externalizing problems.
  • To explore interaction effects between attachment and self-esteem in a preadolescent sample.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study design with 407 preadolescents (mean age 11.1 years).
  • Data collected at the start of fourth and fifth grades.
  • Measures included self-esteem, secure attachment style, and peer-nominated internalizing and externalizing problems.

Main Results:

  • A significant interaction effect was observed between secure attachment and self-esteem.
  • Youth with both secure attachment and high self-esteem showed reductions in internalizing problems.
  • Youth with both secure attachment and high self-esteem also showed reductions in externalizing problems.

Conclusions:

  • Secure attachment and high self-esteem may act protectively against the development or exacerbation of internalizing and externalizing problems.
  • Findings highlight the importance of considering the interplay of attachment and self-esteem in clinical assessments and interventions.
  • Future research should further explore these interaction effects in diverse youth populations.