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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Published on: January 12, 2015

Co-option of the limb patterning program in cephalopod eye development.

Stephanie Neal^1,2, Kyle J McCulloch^1,2, Francesca R Napoli^1,2

¹John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.

|January 5, 2022

Summary

Cephalopod lens development co-opts the bilaterian limb patterning program. This genetic program

Keywords:

Cephalopod Dlx Eye Eye evolution, Lens Limb patterning Spiralia Vision Wnt

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

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Published on: January 12, 2015

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Published on: February 11, 2022

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Evolutionary developmental biology
Genetics

Background:

Similar genetic programs guide analogous structure development across Metazoa.
Cephalopods possess a sophisticated visual system with a unique lens, crucial for complex behaviors.
Molecular genetics of cephalopod lens development remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying cephalopod lens development.
To identify conserved or repurposed genetic programs in cephalopod visual system evolution.

Main Methods:

Comparative gene expression analysis in squid (Doryteuthis pealeii).
Assessment of transcription factor and Wnt signaling pathway involvement.
Investigating the role of SP6-9 gene duplication.

Main Results:

Identified co-option of the bilaterian limb patterning program in cephalopod lens development.
Observed radial expression of key limb patterning genes (SP6-9, Dlx, Pbx, Meis, Prdl homolog).
Discovered a reversed role for Wnt signaling, with ectopic signaling causing lens loss.

Conclusions:

The limb patterning program may serve a broader role in radial patterning.
Gene duplication, specifically of SP6-9, might facilitate program co-option.
Canonical genetic programs are adaptable for novel structure development in evolution.