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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
Published on: May 4, 2020
A pilot randomized controlled trial of the shogi-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy (S-CBT) preventive stress
Hirokazu Furukawa1, Shota Noda2,3, Chiho Kitashima4
1Graduate School of Education, Naruto University of Education, 748 Nakashima, Takashima, Naruto-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8502, Japan. f-hiro@umin.ac.jp.
Background:
Shogi is a traditional board game in Japan. A preventive stress management program based on Shogi-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy (S-CBT) was applied in the Japanese municipality of Kakogawa City. The study aimed to develop an S-CBT preventive stress management program for the elderly and determine its efficacy.
Methods:
The participants were 67 elderly men with amateur-level Shogi skills. They were randomly assigned to either the S-CBT group (n = 33) or the waiting-list control group (n = 34). The S-CBT program was conducted over six 90-min sessions. The outcome measures were recorded using K6 instrument, the Japanese version of the abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale, five items on cognitive behavioral functioning, and subjective well-being scale.
Results And Conclusions:
The dropout rates of the S-CBT group and waiting-list control groups were 36.4 and 44.1%, respectively. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each group. Domains that changed immediately after the S-CBT intervention were problem-solving skills, self-reinforcement, and negative automatic thoughts. Future research should promote mental and physical health through the design of intervention programs using familiar materials.
Trial Registration:
University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN CTR) UMIN000036003 .
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