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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

311
Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂01:29

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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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EPR Monitored Redox Titration of the Cofactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nar1
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Cell-Free Noncanonical Redox Cofactor Systems.

William B Black1, Han Li2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Noncanonical redox cofactors offer cost-effective and efficient biotransformations. Cell-free systems provide control for optimizing enzyme activity and productivity using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), NAD(P)H, mimics.

Keywords:
Biomimetic cofactorCell-free biotransformationCrude lysateNoncanonical redox cofactor

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Enzyme Engineering

Background:

  • Noncanonical redox cofactor systems offer alternatives to native nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), NAD(P)H, for biotransformation.
  • These systems can reduce costs, enhance reaction efficiency, and provide direct reducing power in biological settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for constructing cell-free noncanonical redox cofactor systems.
  • To discuss design concepts and adaptations for applying these systems in biotransformations.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of cell-free systems utilizing NAD(P)H mimics.
  • Application of noncanonical cofactors in purified protein-based systems.
  • Adaptation of noncanonical cofactors for crude lysate-based biotransformation systems.

Main Results:

  • Cell-free systems allow precise control over cofactor parameters, enzyme activity, and reaction progression.
  • Noncanonical cofactors can be successfully integrated into both purified enzyme and crude lysate systems.
  • Optimized systems demonstrate potential for maximized productivity in biotransformation.

Conclusions:

  • Cell-free noncanonical redox cofactor systems represent a powerful tool for engineered biotransformations.
  • These systems offer advantages in cost, efficiency, and control compared to native NAD(P)H systems.
  • Further development and application of these systems can advance biocatalysis and sustainable chemistry.