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Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

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Inhaled Medicines: Past, Present, and Future.

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  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.).

Pharmacological Reviews
|January 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes orally inhaled therapies for respiratory diseases and systemic conditions, aiding new product development by detailing approved drugs, formulations, and delivery technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Orally inhaled therapies offer a targeted approach for respiratory diseases and systemic conditions.
  • Over the past 50 years, numerous inhaled products have been developed and approved.
  • Inhaled drug delivery is expanding beyond respiratory treatments to systemic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review essential pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and clinical aspects of orally inhaled therapies.
  • To guide scientists in developing new and improved inhaled drug products.
  • To cover approved products for respiratory diseases, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and systemic delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of approved orally inhaled drug products over the last half-century.
  • Categorization of products based on pharmacological action (e.g., beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, antivirals).
  • Analysis of new drug delivery technologies for inhalation.

Main Results:

  • Key drug classes for asthma and COPD include beta-2 agonists, muscarinic antagonists, and glucocorticosteroids.
  • Inhaled antivirals, antibacterials, mucoactive agents (dornase alfa, mannitol), and prostacyclins are discussed.
  • Systemic delivery via inhalation for CNS diseases and diabetes (insulin) are also covered.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding approved inhaled therapies aids in developing new products with optimized ingredients, formulations, and delivery systems.
  • New inhalation technologies promise improved efficacy and expanded therapeutic applications.
  • Judicious decisions in product development require consideration of target populations and clinical endpoints.