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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Parathyroid cyst: A rare entity.

Mohamed Amine Chaabouni1,2, Imen Achour1,2, Wadii Thabet1,2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.

SAGE Open Medical Case Reports
|January 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parathyroid cysts, though rare, can be functioning or nonfunctioning. Diagnosis is aided by parathyroid hormone detection via cyst aspiration, with surgery being the definitive treatment for recurrence.

Keywords:
Parathyroid glandsfine-needle aspirationparathyroid cystparathyroid hormonesurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Parathyroid cysts are rare endocrine lesions.
  • They are classified as functioning or nonfunctioning.
  • Accurate diagnosis can be challenging, often mimicking thyroid cysts.

Observation:

  • This study reports four cases of parathyroid cysts.
  • Two cases presented as nonfunctioning intrathyroidal cysts, a rare presentation.
  • Ultrasonography identified cystic lesions, with two exerting mass effect without compressive symptoms.

Findings:

  • Cyst aspiration with parathyroid hormone (PTH) level detection confirmed diagnosis in one nonfunctioning cyst case, showing high intracystic PTH.
  • One case experienced recurrence one month post-aspiration.
  • All patients achieved successful outcomes after surgical intervention, with no recurrence.

Implications:

  • Fine-needle aspiration with PTH measurement is a valuable diagnostic tool for parathyroid cysts.
  • Intrathyroidal parathyroid cysts require careful differentiation from thyroid cysts.
  • Surgical management offers a definitive solution for symptomatic or recurrent parathyroid cysts.