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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

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Adrenal Incidentaloma: Prevalence and Referral Patterns From Routine Practice in a Large UK University Teaching

Fahmy W F Hanna1,2, Sarah Hancock3, Cherian George4

  • 1Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG Staffordshire, UK.

Journal of the Endocrine Society
|January 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are increasingly found on imaging, but referral rates to endocrinology are low (9.6%). Despite rising AI prevalence, current referral patterns are inadequate, necessitating improved management strategies.

Keywords:
adrenal incidentalomacomputerized tomographymagnetic resonance imagingprevalenceradiologyreferral pattern

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are frequently discovered during imaging for other conditions.
  • Clinical management guidelines for AIs exist, but referral patterns in routine practice are not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors influencing the referral of adrenal incidentalomas to endocrinology services.
  • To analyze the prevalence and referral rates of AIs in a large UK teaching hospital.

Main Methods:

  • Linked imaging reports and outpatient booking data from a UK teaching hospital (2015-2019).
  • Identified potential AIs using specific radiology phrases in 479,945 scan reports.
  • Analyzed AI prevalence and endocrinology referral rates stratified by patient demographics, imaging modality, and clinical specialty.

Main Results:

  • Adrenal incidentalomas were identified in 1.2% of scans, with higher prevalence in abdominal CT (3.0%).
  • The number of scans with AIs increased by 14.7% annually from 2015-2019.
  • Only 9.6% of patients with AIs were referred to endocrinology within 90 days; medical specialties referred more often than surgical ones, and older patients were less likely to be referred.

Conclusions:

  • Despite a low overall prevalence, the rising number of identified adrenal incidentalomas presents a growing clinical workload.
  • Current referral rates to endocrinology are suboptimal, even with established management systems.
  • There is a critical need for streamlined and effective systems to manage the increasing incidence of adrenal incidentalomas.