Methanol-induced optic neuropathy: a still-present problem.

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Toxicology
• Neuroscience

Background:

• Methanol-induced optic neuropathy (Me-ION) is a severe condition leading to vision loss or blindness.
• It disproportionately affects impoverished populations globally, often occurring in mass poisoning incidents.
• Damage to the optic nerve and retina underlies the visual impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To elucidate the molecular mechanisms and pathological changes in Me-ION.
• To highlight the public health significance of Me-ION, particularly in developing countries.
• To review the persistent visual sequelae despite therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

• Review of the molecular mechanisms of Me-ION pathogenesis.
• Description of histopathological changes in ocular tissues.
• Analysis of clinical outcomes and persistent visual deficits.

Main Results:

• Methanol's toxic metabolite, formic acid, inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation via cytochrome c oxidase.
• Oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered protein expression also contribute to Me-ION.
• Histopathology reveals optic nerve axon and glial cell degeneration, with retinal damage.

Conclusions:

• Me-ION poses a significant global health challenge due to its potential for irreversible vision loss.
• Understanding the multifaceted pathogenesis is crucial for developing effective treatments.
• Persistent visual sequelae in 30-40% of survivors underscore the need for continued research and prevention strategies.