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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding
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Cortical Pathways During Postural Control: New Insights From Functional EEG Source Connectivity.

Fabio Barollo, Mahmoud Hassan, Hannes Petersen

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    |January 6, 2022
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Brain networks adapt to maintain balance. Cortical flexibility, especially near the temporo-parietal junction, is key for healthy postural control and may aid in diagnosing balance disorders.

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    Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control
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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Human Physiology
    • Systems Biology

    Background:

    • Postural control is a complex feedback system integrating sensory inputs for stable stance.
    • The brain cortex is vital for processing sensory information and adapting to external stimuli to prevent falls.
    • Disruptions in postural control are common in various neurological conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the cortical response to disrupted postural control using EEG source connectivity.
    • To identify brain networks involved in high-level coordination of postural control.
    • To correlate cortical network flexibility with stabilogram sway metrics.

    Main Methods:

    • Mechanical skeletal muscle vibration applied to calves to challenge postural control.
    • Electroencephalography (EEG) source connectivity analysis to assess cortical responses.
    • Comparison of cortical network reconfiguration with eyes open and eyes closed conditions.
    • Correlation analysis between network flexibility and sample entropy of center of pressure (CoP) sway.

    Main Results:

    • Distinct alpha band cortical strategies were observed: frontal lobe dominance with eyes open, and temporo-parietal network strengthening with eyes closed.
    • High correlation found between the flexibility of regions around the right temporo-parietal junction and CoP sway sample entropy.
    • Demonstrated dynamic reconfiguration of brain networks during postural challenges.

    Conclusions:

    • Cortical network flexibility is a crucial marker for healthy postural control.
    • The right temporo-parietal junction plays a central role in coordinating balance.
    • Network-based flexibility metrics show potential for diagnosing and treating balance-impairing diseases.