Integrating Thermal Sensors in a Microplate Format: Simultaneous Real-Time Quantification of Cell Number and...

Microplates have become a standard tool in the pharmaceutical industry and academia for a broad range of screening assays. One of the most commonly performed assays is the cell proliferation assay, which is often used for the purpose of drug discovery. Microplate readers play a crucial role in this field, as they enable high-throughput testing of large sample numbers. Common drawbacks of the most popular plate reader technologies are that they are end-point-based and most often require the use of detection reagents. As a solution, with this work, we aim to expand the possibilities of real-time and label-free monitoring of cell proliferation inside a microplate format by introducing a novel thermal-based sensing approach. For this purpose, we have developed thin-film sensors that can easily be integrated into the bottom of standard 96-well plates. First, the accuracy and precision of the sensors for measuring temperature and thermal effusivity are assessed via characterization experiments. These experiments highlight the fast response of the sensors to changes in temperature and thermal effusivity, as well as the excellent reproducibility between different sensors. Later, proof-of-principle measurements were performed on the proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The proliferation measurements show that the thermal sensors were able to simultaneously detect relative changes in cell number as well as changes in metabolic activity. This dual functionality makes the presented sensor technology a promising candidate for monitoring microplate assays.