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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure
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Predicting Language Performance From Narrative Language Samples.

Kimberly A Murphy1, Alisha P Springle2, Mollee J Sultani3

  • 1Department of Communication Disorders and Special Education, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR
|January 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Narrative language sample analysis, including percent grammatical utterances (PGUs), reliably predicts children's oral language skills from kindergarten through third grade. These findings support the clinical use of narrative samples for assessing language development.

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Area of Science:

  • Child Language Development
  • Clinical Linguistics
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Narrative language sample analysis is crucial for assessing children's language skills.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the relationship between narrative analysis metrics and overall oral language ability in early school years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between kindergarten narrative language sample metrics and oral language ability from kindergarten through third grade.
  • To determine the concurrent relationship of narrative metrics with kindergarten language.
  • To assess the predictive power of narrative metrics for language development through third grade.

Main Methods:

  • 284 children participated, completing a narrative retell task in kindergarten.
  • Language samples were analyzed for lexical diversity (number of different words), utterance length (mean length of utterance), and grammatical accuracy (percent grammatical utterances - PGUs).
  • Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze concurrent and longitudinal relationships.

Main Results:

  • Narrative language sample metrics consistently correlated with individual vocabulary and grammar measures, as well as a latent language factor across all grades.
  • These metrics also consistently and uniquely predicted the latent language factor longitudinally.
  • Standardized path estimates ranged from 0.20 to 0.39.

Conclusions:

  • Narrative language sample metrics demonstrate predictive validity, both concurrently and longitudinally, for a latent factor of language from kindergarten through third grade.
  • The findings underscore the clinical importance of analyzing narrative language samples, incorporating PGUs alongside traditional metrics.
  • This research highlights avenues for future investigations into early language assessment tools.