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Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.3K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.3K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

3.9K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
3.9K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

4.2K
Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
4.2K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

2.0K
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
2.0K
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

2.8K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
2.8K
Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction02:27

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

10.8K
Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
10.8K

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Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation
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NDTP Mediated Direct Rapid Amide and Peptide Synthesis without Epimerization.

Yiping Li1, Jingyue Li1, Guangjun Bao1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China.

Organic Letters
|January 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A new coupling reagent, NDTP, offers a mild, nonirritating, and recyclable method for rapid amide and peptide synthesis. This approach is compatible with Fmoc-SPPS, presenting a potential alternative for peptide manufacturing.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Amide and peptide synthesis are fundamental in drug discovery and materials science.
  • Traditional coupling reagents can be harsh, irritating, or difficult to recycle.
  • There is a need for milder, more efficient, and sustainable coupling reagents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and characterize a novel coupling reagent, NDTP.
  • To demonstrate the utility of NDTP in amide and peptide synthesis under mild conditions.
  • To evaluate the compatibility of NDTP with solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).

Main Methods:

  • Activation of carboxylic acids using NDTP to form acyl thiocyanides.
  • Amide bond formation via reaction of activated species with amines.
  • Compatibility studies with Fmoc-SPPS protocols.

Main Results:

  • NDTP was identified as a mild, nonirritating, and recyclable coupling reagent.
  • Rapid amide and peptide synthesis was achieved under very mild conditions.
  • The methodology proved compatible with Fmoc-SPPS, enabling efficient peptide synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • NDTP represents an unprecedented and advantageous reagent for amide and peptide synthesis.
  • The mildness and recyclability of NDTP align with green chemistry principles.
  • This method offers a promising alternative for industrial peptide manufacturing.