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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
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Single Carbon Vacancy Traps Atomic Platinum for Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis.

Qin Yang1,2, Hanxuan Liu3, Pei Yuan1

  • 1College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China.

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|January 7, 2022
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Researchers created a unique atomic platinum configuration (Pt-C3) within defective graphene, significantly boosting hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. This breakthrough offers a promising alternative to conventional platinum catalysts for HER applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Atomic platinum (Pt) is recognized for its high intrinsic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
  • Optimizing the coordination environment of Pt is crucial for enhancing catalytic performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel Pt-C3 configuration in a defective carbon matrix.
  • To evaluate the HER activity of the Pt-C3 configuration in both acidic and alkaline media.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanism for the enhanced HER performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of single vacancies in a carbon matrix (defective graphene).
  • Trapping of atomic Pt within the vacancies to form the Pt-C3 configuration.
  • Electrochemical evaluation of HER activity, including turnover frequency (TOF) and mass activity measurements.

Main Results:

  • The Pt-C3 configuration exhibited exceptionally high reactivity for HER in both acidic and alkaline solutions.
  • Intrinsic activity (TOF) and mass activity were approximately 18 times higher than commercial 20 wt % Pt/C.
  • The Pt-C3 site demonstrated enhanced electron-capture ability and a lower Gibbs free energy difference (ΔG).

Conclusions:

  • The optimized Pt-C3 coordination in a defective carbon matrix provides superior HER performance.
  • The enhanced activity is attributed to improved H+ reduction and accelerated H2 desorption.
  • This study offers new insights into designing highly active and dispersed atomic Pt catalysts for HER.