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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

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Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Published on: March 29, 2019

PET/CT in Bladder Cancer: An Update.

Kirsten Bouchelouche¹

¹Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine

|January 8, 2022

Summary

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using FDG is valuable for staging muscle invasive bladder cancer and detecting recurrence. Emerging non-FDG PET agents show promise for improved bladder cancer imaging.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Radiology
Nuclear Medicine

Background:

Bladder cancer is a common urinary tract malignancy, with muscle-invasive types posing a high risk of metastasis and mortality.
Accurate staging is crucial for treatment selection, especially for detecting metastatic spread.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an updated review on the role of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) in the management of bladder cancer.
To discuss the current applications and future potential of PET/CT in bladder cancer diagnosis, staging, and response evaluation.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on FDG PET/CT and other PET tracers in bladder cancer.
Analysis of PET/CT's utility in primary staging, recurrence detection, and treatment response assessment.

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Photoacoustic Cystography

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An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

Published on: July 28, 2012

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Last Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Published on: March 29, 2019

Photoacoustic Cystography

Photoacoustic Cystography

Published on: June 11, 2013

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

Published on: July 28, 2012

Main Results:

FDG PET/CT is increasingly utilized for staging muscle-invasive bladder cancer and detecting post-treatment recurrence.
Limited studies have explored FDG PET/CT for evaluating treatment response to neoadjuvant therapies.
Research is emerging on non-FDG PET agents with reduced urinary excretion for potentially enhanced bladder imaging.

Conclusions:

PET/CT, particularly FDG PET/CT, plays a significant role in the clinical management of bladder cancer.
Further research into novel PET tracers is warranted to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment monitoring in bladder cancer.