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Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Author Spotlight: Exploring the Frontier of mRNA Research with Poly A Tail Analysis Techniques
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RNA polyadenylation patterns in the human transcriptome.

Si-Mei Xu1, Ashton Curry-Hyde1, Vladimir Sytnyk1

  • 1School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia.

Gene
|January 9, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates diverse RNA isoforms, impacting gene expression and disease. This review covers APA

Keywords:
Alternative polyadenylation (APA)HumanRNATranscriptomelncRNAmRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Post-transcriptional modifications, including polyadenylation, regulate eukaryotic gene expression.
  • Alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates multiple RNA isoforms with varying 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) and exon compositions.
  • APA contributes to transcript diversification and influences cellular functions, including oncogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on polyadenylation and its biological significance in the mammalian transcriptome, with a specific focus on humans.
  • To explore and summarize methods for detecting polyadenylation patterns using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on polyadenylation and APA.
  • Analysis of short-read and long-read sequencing technologies for 3'-end transcript analysis.
  • Exploration of methods for detecting polyadenylation patterns.

Main Results:

  • APA plays a crucial role in RNA isoform diversification and gene expression regulation.
  • Distinct polyadenylation patterns are associated with various cellular functions, including oncogenic activity.
  • Sequencing technologies offer powerful tools for studying polyadenylation patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Polyadenylation patterns are critical for understanding gene expression and have implications for medical genetics.
  • APA-derived biomarkers hold potential for disease diagnosis and understanding.
  • Advancements in sequencing technologies facilitate comprehensive analysis of polyadenylation.