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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

218
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching III: Evaluation and Documentation01:20

Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching III: Evaluation and Documentation

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Evaluation of the teaching process enables the nurse to determine if the patient's learning needs were met and if training was effective. If the expected outcomes are not met, the care plan is revised, and additional education or reinforcement is provided. Nurses can ask questions after the session or obtain feedback to assess the patient's understanding of the topic.
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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Instruction-based learning: A review.

Weixi Kang1, Sònia Pineda Hernández2, Junxin Wang3

  • 1Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.

Neuropsychologia
|January 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Instruction-based learning (IBL) allows rapid skill acquisition from directions. This review explores IBL

Keywords:
Cognitive flexibilityIBLInstruction-based learningIntelligenceLearningMultiple-demand cortexPrefrontal cortexRITLRapid instruction task learningg

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Humans excel at rapidly learning new rules from instructions, a process known as instruction-based learning (IBL).
  • IBL is fundamental for daily activities, individual learning, teamwork, and psychological research protocols.
  • Recent advancements have significantly deepened our understanding of IBL from both psychological and neuroscientific perspectives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted aspects of instruction-based learning (IBL).
  • To explore the neural underpinnings and cognitive factors influencing IBL.
  • To propose a neural working model for IBL and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • This work is a review synthesizing existing psychological and neuroscientific research on IBL.
  • It examines the role of language, initial trial performance, and goal-directedness in IBL.
  • The review analyzes information processing in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and lateral frontal cortex (LFC) networks.

Main Results:

  • IBL is intricately linked with cognitive flexibility and intelligence.
  • Behaviorally relevant information processing in the LPFC is crucial for IBL.
  • The LFC networks exhibit a functional hierarchy during IBL, involving both cortical and subcortical structures.

Conclusions:

  • IBL is a complex cognitive process influenced by language, goal-directedness, and executive functions.
  • A hierarchical functional organization within the LFC supports IBL.
  • A novel neural working model for IBL is proposed, highlighting key brain regions and processes.