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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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[Update in interstitial lung disease 2021].

H Huang1

  • 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.

Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi = Zhonghua Jiehe He Huxi Zazhi = Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
|January 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers 2021 advances in interstitial lung disease, focusing on antifibrotic medication use, diagnostic guidelines for pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and connective tissue disease-associated ILDs.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) encompass a diverse group of lung disorders.
  • Accurate diagnosis and management are crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review significant scientific advances in ILD from November 2020 to October 2021.
  • To consolidate key findings from Chinese and international publications.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of scientific literature.
  • Analysis of publications in Chinese and international journals.

Main Results:

  • Real-world data on pirfenidone and nintedanib adoption for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in the US.
  • European guidelines for pulmonary fibrosis diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment.
  • CHEST guideline on hypersensitivity pneumonitis diagnosis and evaluation.
  • Chinese expert consensus on progressive fibrosing ILD.
  • International updates on managing connective tissue disease-associated ILDs.

Conclusions:

  • The year 2021 saw substantial progress in understanding and managing various ILDs.
  • Key developments include medication use, updated diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies.