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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
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Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

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Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

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Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia
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Unexplained Hypoxemia in a Patient With Transient Ischemic Attack.

Chahat Puri1, Matthew Woodford2, Donald Slack2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD.

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|January 10, 2022
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Summary

This case study details an 84-year-old woman experiencing sudden right-sided weakness. The presentation suggests a potential neurological event requiring prompt medical evaluation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • The patient has a history of hypertension, hypothyroidism, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
  • She is an 84-year-old female with no significant past medical history relevant to acute neurological deficits, such as heart or lung disease.
  • No occupational exposures, family history, or recent travel were reported.

Observation:

  • The patient presented with acute onset of right-sided upper and lower extremity weakness.
  • The weakness had been present for one day prior to presentation.
  • She denied constitutional symptoms like fever or chills, and respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath.

Findings:

  • The case presentation focuses on the initial symptoms and patient history.
  • Further diagnostic workup would be required to determine the exact cause of the weakness.
  • Differential diagnoses include stroke, TIA, or other neurological conditions.

Implications:

  • Prompt diagnosis and management of acute neurological deficits are crucial in elderly patients.
  • Understanding the patient's medical history is vital for formulating a differential diagnosis.
  • This case highlights the importance of evaluating new-onset focal neurological deficits in the geriatric population.