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Related Concept Videos

Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic...
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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics01:14

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Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium.
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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A long-range order in a thermally driven system with temperature-dependent interactions.

Rahul Karmakar1, J Chakrabarti1

  • 1Department of Chemical, Biological and Macro-Molecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India. rahul.physics2017@gmail.com.

Soft Matter
|January 10, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metallic nanoparticles aggregate in cold regions when subjected to temperature differences. This study uses Brownian dynamics to reveal temperature-dependent interactions and identify long-range structural order, aiding in designing ordered macro-molecule structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and surface science
  • Nanoparticle self-assembly
  • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Background:

  • Macromolecule aggregation under external forces is poorly understood.
  • Temperature gradients can drive aggregation in systems like metallic nanoparticles with ligand capping.
  • Particle interactions and zeta potential are temperature-sensitive, influencing aggregation behavior in cold regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the aggregation of metallic nanoparticles driven by a temperature difference.
  • To analyze the influence of temperature-dependent interaction parameters on particle aggregation.
  • To identify emergent structural order in aggregated nanoparticles under non-equilibrium conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Brownian dynamics simulations to model nanoparticle behavior.
  • Incorporated temperature-dependent interaction parameters and diffusion coefficients.
  • Applied the Avrami equation, typically used for crystal growth kinetics, to analyze structural ordering.

Main Results:

  • Observed nanoparticle aggregation specifically in the colder regions of the simulated system.
  • Demonstrated that both particle interactions and diffusion are significantly affected by local temperature.
  • Identified a long-range structural order within the cold region aggregates.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature gradients are effective in driving the aggregation of ligand-capped metallic nanoparticles.
  • The study reveals temperature-dependent phenomena influencing particle interactions and diffusion.
  • Findings suggest potential for designing ordered macro-molecular structures under non-equilibrium steady states.