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Chewing and Cognitive Improvement: The Side Matters.

Maria Paola Tramonti Fantozzi1, Vincenzo De Cicco1, Davide De Cicco2

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Chewing enhances cognitive function, particularly when performed on the less active side in individuals with facial muscle asymmetry. This side-specific chewing may rebalance brain arousal systems, improving cognitive performance.

Keywords:
anisocoriacognitive performancelocus coeruleuspupil sizetrigeminal asymmetryunilateral chewing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Chewing is known to improve cognitive performance.
  • Electromyographic (EMG) masseter asymmetry and pupil size asymmetry (anisocoria) suggest an imbalanced Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS), impacting arousal.
  • This imbalance can impair cognitive function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if trigeminal EMG asymmetry influences the cognitive-stimulating effects of chewing.
  • To determine if unilateral chewing affects cognitive performance and pupil size in individuals with anisocoria and EMG asymmetry.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty subjects with anisocoria and EMG asymmetry underwent cognitive testing and pupil size measurement.
  • Measurements were taken before and after 1 minute of unilateral chewing.
  • Electromyographic (EMG) masseter activity and pupil size were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Unilateral chewing improved cognitive performance primarily when chewing occurred on the side with lower EMG activity and smaller pupil size.
  • Cognitive changes correlated negatively with anisocoria and positively with pupil size after chewing on the hypotonic side.
  • Chewing on the hypertonic side showed less cognitive benefit, potentially due to increased ARAS imbalance.

Conclusions:

  • Chewing on the hypotonic side may enhance cognitive performance by rebalancing ARAS structures and improving arousal.
  • The cognitive benefits of trigeminal stimulation via chewing are modulated by underlying ARAS balance.
  • Unilateral chewing's impact on cognition is dependent on the side of stimulation relative to EMG asymmetry.