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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
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Real and Imagined Smellscapes.

PerMagnus Lindborg1, Kongmeng Liew2

  • 1SoundLab, School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.

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PubMed
Summary

Audiovisual information can evoke smellscape imagination, particularly hedonic tone, suggesting smell sources are often inferred. However, direct olfactory quality ratings did not correlate when imagination was not prompted.

Keywords:
crossmodalenvironmentimaginationmemoryperceptionsmellsmellscape

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Area of Science:

  • Sensory perception
  • Olfactory research
  • Cross-modal interactions

Background:

  • The smellscape encompasses perceived odours and scents from various sources.
  • Understanding how audiovisual stimuli influence smell perception is crucial for virtual and augmented reality applications.
  • Previous research has explored cross-modal effects but the evocation of complex smellscapes from audiovisual data remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent to which audiovisual information can evoke the perception of a real, complex, and multimodal smellscape.
  • To compare smellscape imagination between onsite sensory walks and online virtual walks using audiovisual recordings.
  • To analyze the association between real and imagined smellscapes based on environmental quality, smell source, and hedonic tone.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted: one with onsite participants (N=15) experiencing a sensory walk and another with online participants (N=53) viewing audiovisual reproductions.
  • Participants provided free-form verbal annotations, semantic scale ratings, and used a 'smell wheel'.
  • Canonical correlation analysis was used to measure the association between real and imagined smellscapes, focusing on environmental quality, smell source type/strength, and hedonic tone.

Main Results:

  • A significant association was found between real and imagined smellscapes regarding hedonic tone, indicating that smell sources can generally be inferred from audiovisual cues when imagination is prompted.
  • Onsite ratings of olfactory quality were not significantly associated with online ratings of audiovisual reproductions when participants were not explicitly asked to imagine smells.
  • Free-form annotations revealed that hedonic tone keywords were significantly associated between the two study conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Audiovisual information holds potential for evoking smellscape imagination, particularly in terms of emotional response (hedonic tone).
  • The ability to infer smell sources from audiovisual cues appears robust when imagination is engaged.
  • Olfactory quality perception is less reliably evoked by audiovisual stimuli alone, especially without explicit instructions to imagine smells, highlighting the complexity of cross-modal olfactory perception.