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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Ex Vivo Analysis of Mechanically Activated Ca2+ Transients in Urothelial Cells

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Gateway Reflex and Mechanotransduction.

Shiina Matsuyama¹, Yuki Tanaka^1,2, Rie Hasebe¹

¹Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

Frontiers in Immunology

|January 10, 2022

Summary

The gateway reflex uses neural signals and noradrenaline to guide autoreactive T cells across blood-barriers, causing inflammation. Mechanosensory transduction via TRPV1 channels is key to this process.

Keywords:

CD4+ T cells gateway reflex inflammation mechanotransduction tissue specific autoimmune diseases

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Last Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Ex Vivo Analysis of Mechanically Activated Ca2+ Transients in Urothelial Cells

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Live Cell Response to Mechanical Stimulation Studied by Integrated Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy

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Published on: October 4, 2010

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Physiology

Background:

Autoreactive CD4+ T cells can cause inflammation in protected tissues like the central nervous system and retina.
The gateway reflex describes a mechanism for T cell entry into these tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the gateway reflex mechanism.
To highlight the role of mechanosensory transduction in this reflex.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on the gateway reflex.
Focus on the role of neural activation, noradrenaline, and mechanotransduction.

Main Results:

Neural activation by external stimuli triggers noradrenaline release.
Noradrenaline increases chemokine expression and reduces tight junctions, facilitating T cell accumulation.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels are crucial for sensing mechanical stimuli.

Conclusions:

The gateway reflex provides a pathway for autoreactive T cells to breach tissue barriers.
Mechanotransduction is a critical component of the gateway reflex, influencing immune cell trafficking.