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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Non-Coding RNA m6A Modification in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.

Da-Hong Chen1, Ji-Gang Zhang2, Chuan-Xing Wu3

  • 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|January 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) RNA modification in non-coding RNAs is key to cancer progression. Understanding these m6A modifications offers new avenues for targeted cancer therapies.

Keywords:
cancer therapyepigeneticsm6A RNA modificationnon-coding RNAtumorigenesis mechanism

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) is a prevalent internal RNA modification in eukaryotes.
  • Non-coding RNA m6A modifications are increasingly recognized for their roles in cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate relationship between non-coding RNA m6A modification and cancer progression.
  • To highlight the molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of m6A in various cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on m6A modification in non-coding RNAs and cancer.
  • Analysis of key cancer progression mechanisms influenced by m6A.

Main Results:

  • Non-coding RNA m6A modifications are significantly associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and tumor characteristics.
  • m6A modifications act as crucial regulators in cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNA m6A modification is a critical factor in cancer progression with broad research prospects.
  • Targeted m6A-based therapies hold significant potential for cancer treatment.